Jesus and Mohammad Essay

Religion is the nourishment for the spirit, a sort of food that never ruins or devalues. It is the vessel of life, a vessel that is unbreakable and never shivers even from the most ruinous outside power. It is the cup of profound quality, the one that shapes our character and character. With these various perspectives, one can say that religion is a significant part of one’s life. It comprises and adds to the profound prosperity of a person, which is confronted today with various choices in regards to their religion of decision. There are Methodists, Protestants, Muslims, Roman Catholics, and then some. Be that as it may, the two generally powerful and broad religion are Islam and Christianity. Christianity is accepted to be established by Jesus Christ, the savior of humankind. The convictions of Christians, which are likewise shared by Roman Catholics, are summed up in a teaching called the Nicene Creed. All in all, Christians put stock in the Holy Trinity, that there are three unrivaled creatures: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Devotees of this religion grew up with lessons about the formation of the world by God in seven days, the fall of Adam and Eve, the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and the recovery of humankind (Walsh, 2005). Then again, Islam is viewed as established by Mohammad or Muhammad. Its adherents are called Muslims and they have confidence in just a single God, Allah. They accept that Muhammad is the last prophet and Jesus is just one of them. Much the same as in Christianity, they additionally have confidence in the last judgment to be given to the favored and the doomed (Braswell, 2000). To know better the idea of these two religions, it might be useful in the event that one will take a gander at the verifiable foundation of the unmistakable characters of Christianity and Islam. Jesus Christ, otherwise called Jesus of Nazareth and the Messiah, was the offspring of Mary and Joseph and conceived in the modest stable of Bethlehem during the rule of Augustus. The celebrated Nativity is portrayed as the introduction of Jesus where he was visited by the shepherds and the three lords to give their contributions. He is supposed to be conceived without unique sin and is said to spare mankind from sins. One of the most noticeable frequencies during his youth years is the point at which he and his folks visited Jerusalem for the banquet of Passover. It was during this time he was lost for a few days and evenings, and was found by his folks in the sanctuary instructing about the Word of God. After the episode, Jesus made resulting visits to Jerusalem permitting him to perceive how adulterated religion was and the need to change the two its principle and work on during that time. He performed marvels and showed the Word of God through tales. The vast majority of his lessons concentrated on the realm of God, how God adores humanity, and how God pardons individuals when they inquire. He turned out to be notable and was adulated by numerous individuals. This grabbed the eye of the Roman governors and the copyists, who requested his execution when Jesus guaranteed that he was God. He was tormented, killed, and kicked the bucket on the cross. Following three days, he restored from the dead and rose to paradise. Along these lines, it denotes the beginning of the salvation of mankind (Stalker, 2009). Alternately, Mohammad is the most unmistakable character in Islam. Mohammad or Mahomet was conceived in Mecca in 571 during the rule of Khusro Anosharwan. His dad was named Abdallah while his mom was named Amina. His dad kicked the bucket a few days before his introduction to the world. He turned into a vagrant when he was six years of age. It was during this time his mom kicked the bucket while they were in an excursion to Medina. Abdl al-Muttalib, his granddad, dealt with him yet kicked the bucket when he was eight years of age. At long last, he was dealt with by his father’s sibling, Abd Manaf, who joined Muhammad on a convoy to Syria (Rodinson, 2002). He turned into a camel driver on their excursion from Syria to Arabia however before long settled his profession as director of convoys along with the shippers. On his movement, he met various individuals with different nationalities, for example, Christians, agnostics, and Jews. At 25 years old, he wedded Khadija whose age is 15 years more established than him. For an amazing duration, he looked for examination and isolation by visiting Mecca and the collapses Mount Hira. On one of his visits, he was visited by Angel Gabriel and solicited him to broadcast the Word from God. He was hesitant from the outset however later acknowledged that he was the detachment of God in the wake of getting support from Khadija and ensuing appearances of blessed messenger. His lessons incorporate revering Allah, atoning from wickedness, and truth about realism and eternality. He didn't perform supernatural occurrences yet just trained what he got. Toward the beginning of his battle as a prophet, he had just 40 adherents, who experienced arraignment since his lessons were supposed to be an incredible danger to the Meccan life. Be that as it may, uplifting news came that there was a little gathering of individuals supporting his development in Yathrib, later called Medina. He built up his lessons in Medina and started a development to recover his previous land, Mecca. After a few fights, he recovered Mecca and the whole Meccan populace was changed over to Islam. He came back to Medina in 632 where he passed on however Islam had just vanquished a large portion of Arabia (â€Å"Life†, 2010). The demise of the two characters acquired monstrous effect their particular religion. Without the demise of Jesus, Christianity won't be conceived. It was through his passing that Christianity thrived as his missionaries lectured his statement the country over (Ermatinger, 2007). His demise turned into the core of Christian confidence as it turned into a proof of God’s love for humankind. â€Å"For God so cherished the world that He gave us his unparalleled child that whoever has faith in Him won't die however have everlasting life† (John 3:16 New King James Version, 1985). His demise permitted individuals to turn out to be nearer to God. Likewise, his demise followed by his restoration permitted man to have new expectation. The primary book of Peter expressed that: â€Å"Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who as indicated by His extraordinary benevolence has made us be conceived again to a living expectation through the restoration of Jesus Christ from the dead, to get a legacy which is enduring and spotless and won't blur away, saved in paradise for you† (1 Peter 1:3-4 New King James Version, 1985). The demise of Muhammad additionally permitted Islam to spread. It presently stretches out on the two sides of the earth arriving at the Atlantic on the opposite side at that point arriving at the fringes of China on the other. The achievement of the spread of Islam can be ascribed to crafted by the caliphs, Muhammad’s replacement with extraordinary political and military capacities (â€Å"Life†, 2010). Be that as it may, the demise of Muhammad carried strife to the Muslims. Discussions invoked and are available to nowadays whether administration must be set upon Muhammad’s direct relatives (as indicated by Shia) or upon the caliphs (as indicated by Sunni) (â€Å"Comparison†, n. . ). In Christianity, the life of Jesus was praised beginning from his introduction to the world up to his demise and revival. The introduction of Jesus is remembered by Christians each 25 December and is set apart by the giving of blessings and sharing of adoration. Before this day comes, Christians commend the period of Advent to set up their souls for his coming. His passing and enduring are additionally recognized by Christians through the period of Lent. During this season, individuals subject themselves to fasting and compromise of their transgressions. Also, Jesus, which is one of the Holy Trinity, is adored by the vast majority through the festival of the Holy Eucharist each Sunday. In contrast to Christians, Muslims don't love Muhammad. They just view him as the last emissary of God yet venerate Allah alone (â€Å"Comparison†, n. d. ). Much after the passing of Jesus and Muhammad, their words and lecturing ceaselessly spread. In Christianity, there is the Bible. Book of scriptures originates from the word â€Å"biblos† which means book. It is the aggregation of crafted by prophets describing the great deeds and kindness of God on mankind. The holy book is likewise partitioned into two confirmations: the Old and the New. The Old Testament, which comprises of 39 books, contains the works of the Jewish individuals that mirror their way of thinking through artistic creations, for example, psalms and melodies (Weatherall, 2009). The New Testament, then again, is an assortment of 27 books that give a huge impact on Christianity and is perceived as a Sacred Scripture by the Christian Church. Remembered for this piece of the holy book is the alleged â€Å"Fourfold Gospels† composed by Gospel authors with the books of Mathew and Mark describing the life stories of Jesus Christ (Achtemeier, Green and Thompson, 2001). In Islam, the methods for getting the message out of Muhammad is through the Qur’an or Koran. Its substance are uncovered to Muhammad in stages for a long time. It is considered as the sacred book of the Muslims where the disclosure part is expected to address the mistake found in the Old and New Testaments. It has 114 sections yet is partitioned into 30 sections called juz. During Ramadan, the Muslims read one juz every day until they complete the entire month festivity (â€Å"Qur’an†, 2009). Taking everything into account, the two most compelling religions in the current society have their own likenesses and contrasts. Notwithstanding these, what is progressively significant is the means by which individuals regard and follow the conventions of their religions. It doesn't make a difference whether the individual is a Christian or a Muslim. What makes a difference most is the manner by which that individuals work themselves to manufacture an existence of ethical quality and fortunes in paradise and not on earth.

Daisy Miller a Hero Essay Example for Free

Daisy Miller a Hero Essay A saint is an individual, whom regardless of what the circumstance is, consistently is by all accounts ready to move toward circumstance with a dauntless and bold mentality, and can is frequently respected by many. The tale Daisy Miller by Henry James is an anecdotal tale about the life of an American young lady in Europe and the circumstances that she encounters. Daisy responds to these circumstances with a bold and valiant methodology. Her activities appear to influence each character in the story and are misperceived by many. Daisy reliably had the fortitude to confront different Americans, the characters who adjusted to the European culture, despite the fact that they kept on forcing her, and won by not complying with European culture. Daisy is a saint in this story in light of the manner in which she drew nearer and dealt with circumstances. A significant clash in the story is the conflict of American culture and European culture. Daisy is continually tossed into circumstances where she is compelled to adjust to some customary European method of getting things done. Daisy doesn't let this weight get to her. She rather keeps on acting unafraid of what may befall her. The content shows numerous instances of this. A significant social clash that occurred in the novel is when Daisy is strolling around the Pinchio with Mr. Winterbourne and Mr. Giovanelli. Mrs. Walker comes up in her carriage and asks Daisy to get in view of what her notoriety may become since she was strolling around with two men ( ). After Daisy can't, Mrs. Walker says â€Å"should you lean toward being thought an exceptionally wild young ladies? what's more, even gets Mr Winterbourne included by having him offer his input which agreed with Mrs. Walker’s( ). Subsequent to inspecting the content, the peruser sees that Daisy reacts with a valiant and gallant way, which in a way can likewise be contrasted with a statement from Emerson’s Self Reliance, â€Å"to be incredible, is to be misconstrued. † â€Å"â€Å"If this is ill-advised, Mrs Walker,† she pers ued, â€Å"then I am all ill-advised, and you should give me up†Ã¢â‚¬  is a statement that flawlessly outlines Daisy’s courageous actually by not being scared from the weights of society. Another contention in the novel was that at specific spots at specific occasions, the odds of getting intestinal sickness were high. While a large number of local people chose to avoid these regions, Daisy decided to not live dread. This courage that Daisy showed, prompted Mr. Winterbourne going up against her and Mr. Giovanelli at the arena late around evening time about her getting the Roman fever (). Giovanelli reacted to Winterbourne by saying he educated Daisy it was a â€Å"grave indiscretion† which Daisy reacted with reasonability (). Indeed, even since Daisy was seriously cautioned about the malady she despite everything demonstrated no dread and indicated how she could be a motivation to other ladies by saying she made some stunning memories seeing the open air theater by moonlight and in the event that she felt any peril she would take a few pills (). â€Å"I don’t care,† said Daisy in a little weird tone, â€Å"whether I have Roman fever or not† shows how Daisy would not let dread direct her life( ). Daisy Miller was a saint as a result of the intrepid characteristics that she showed in the novel Daisy Miller. She may not show the regular generalizations of other fictionalized legends, for example, flying or x-beam vision, yet she has effect on individuals, particularly ladies, on how they can act paying little mind to what culture they are from. This view on life is significant in light of the fact that it shows young ladies, that they are enabled to deal with circumstances in any case they like. In any event, when she kicked the bucket, numerous individuals appeared at her burial service and appreciated her. Giovanelli even expressed at her burial service that out of the considerable number of ladies she was the â€Å"most guiltless † ( ).

The Effect of PTSD on People With Bipolar Disorder

The Effect of PTSD on People With Bipolar Disorder PTSD Related Conditions Print The Effect of PTSD on People With Bipolar Disorder By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 14, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Martin Dimitrov / Getty Images Within the U.S., approximately 4% of adults will have a diagnosis of bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.?? What is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder is considered a mood disorder. There are two types of bipolar disorders, described as bipolar I and bipolar II. PTSD: Coping, Support, and Living Well In bipolar I disorder, a person has experienced one or more manic episodes. In most cases of bipolar I, episodes of major depression are a central aspect of the overall course of the illness. In bipolar II disorder,  hypomanic  episodes have been experienced but not manic episodes. In addition, to be diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, a person needs to have also experienced a  major depressive episode?? Bipolar disorder can have a major impact on your life; and it can also increase the risk that you develop other disorders. In fact, people with bipolar disorder have been found to be at high risk for developing a number of other mental health disorders.?? One such disorder that co-occurs with bipolar disorder at high rates is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Relationship Between Bipolar Disorder and PTSD A review published in 2017 concluded that up to 40% of people with bipolar disorder also meet criteria for PTSD.?? It is not entirely surprising that high rates of PTSD are found among people with bipolar disorder, as many people with bipolar also have a history of traumatic exposure. Traumatic exposure may be more likely to occur during a manic episode when a person with bipolar disorder is more likely to make risky or impulsive decisions. In addition to being a risk factor for the development of PTSD, traumatic exposure during childhood, such as childhood physical or sexual abuse, may also be risk factors for the development of bipolar disorder.?? Overview of PTSD The Effect of PTSD Among People With Bipolar Disorder Having PTSD along with bipolar disorder can have a major negative impact on your life. People with PTSD and bipolar disorder appear to have more problems across a number of different areas in their lives. For example, PTSD has been found to worsen the quality of life for people with bipolar disorder. A 2010 study found that patients with co-occurring bipolar disorder and PTSD experienced more rapid cycling periods and increased risk for suicide attempts.?? Finally, PTSD has also been found to be associated with greater levels of depression among people with bipolar disorder, according to a 2013 study.?? How to Find Help If you have PTSD and bipolar disorder, it is very important to take steps to manage both conditions. There are a number of healthy coping strategies for managing your symptoms as well as effective treatments for bipolar disorder and PTSD. Check websites to help you find treatment providers in your area who specialize in PTSD and/or bipolar disorder. The Best Online Therapy Programs

Reflection Paper On The Classroom - 985 Words

Reflection Paper Before I began this observation assignment for my SPED class I was nervous and a bit skeptical about how everything was going to be, because I have never observed an inclusion class. After my first day of observation I felt more confident about my career choice. In this reflection paper I will talk about the assignment and all the things I found interesting, important, and challenging. I will also talk about how I overcame the challenges, my misconceptions prior to observing, and how this field experience will affect my education environment. The last things I will talk about is how my future behavior will now be affected by what I learned and how this experience helped me better understand my personal and professional goals. Section A From my perspective the purpose of this field experiment assignment seems like it was letting us see the reality of how an inclusion classroom actually works. I was able to see what an inclusion class had to offer all the students and how an inclusion classroom worked. During this field assignment I saw some interesting things such as how the children treated the exceptional children and how different teachers reacted towards these students. Some teachers treated them like all the other students and other teachers would get frustrated and impatient with them. The things that I learned from my involvement was that the children that had disabilities didn’t want people to treat them like they had a disability, that they wereShow MoreRelatedClassroom Reflection Paper1405 Words   |  6 Pagesjust to get out of school for a day. There are many factors that attribute to making us want to stay home from school but as a teacher, I want to provide an atmosphere where students enjoy c oming to my classroom. 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While there are many different practices, the physical layout of the classroom; expectations, rules and code of conduct; logical consequences; and I messages will be the focus of this reflection. 3.2 Classroom physical layout and resources The physical layout of the classroom

Women s Rights During The World Essay - 2053 Words

There is long history of women’s rights in the world. Discrimination against women has developed for a long time now and the struggle for women s rights encompasses more than the right to own property or vote. It is the fight for woman to be considered an individual in her own right, defined on her own terms, by her own intellect and accomplishments, and given the same opportunities as her male peers, while not by any means a thorough or exclusive definition of the movement for women s rights. The women s movement strives for social acceptance of an assortment of personal and professional choices that women make. An ideal goal is the death of social stigmas for female sexuality, for women who choose not to marry or have children, and for women who work outside the home as well as those who choose to be stay-at-home mothers. The Wife of Bath in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales struggles for female equality by overcoming overwhelming customs and declaring her own assessment of the roles of women in society and in relationships by attempting to level the power between men and women. In the fourteenth century women were not valued as much as men were. Not much respect was given to women. Women were the keeper of the house and were considered weak and unable to do anything but cook and clean. The women would only be left in charge if her husband was away fighting or traveling. Women had a very structured lifestyle and were constantly watched on their manners and behaviors. 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The gains that American women have made towards labor market experience and skills is tremendous. In fact, women account for 47% of labor workforce and 49.3% of American jobs. But despite of women’s strides, a gender pay gap still exists. ExpertsRead MoreThe Status Of Women During The Great War1675 Words   |  7 Pagesstatus of women during the years 1914 and 1925 did not stop to change and wonder if the First World War achieve any permanent change in the status of women in Britaint is very interesting question. Both points of view, meaning which agree with the idea that yes it did or on the contrary that it did not, already exist. 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Global Perspective Free Essays

However, we did not jump right into the semester with enthusiasm and excitement. Our first lecture was on photography, although I am very interested in photography, this lecture was tedious. To see the slides that Stephen Puppeteers was presenting the lights had to be shut off, which made it very easy to doze off or have your mind be somewhere else. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the dark lecture hall and the dullness of Mr.. Pettifoggers voice, his photographs were incredible. His photographs ranged from beautiful breathtaking landscapes to people from developing countries with health robbers and lost limbs. The variety of his photos Is really what lured me In. I was fascinated. I had no Idea what I would be learning and experiencing throughout this semester when I signed up for this course. Even after I had had this first lecture and had attended my first discussion I still did not fully understand. As I wrote my first assignment, I babbled on and talked mostly about my past with music, still believing this course would be all about music. Little did I know, I was all wrong. I attended ACH lecture and finally began to catch on that I would be learning something new and enjoyable every Wednesday. Each lecture after photography got more intriguing and interactive with the audience. This course by far had the most entertaining lectures, bringing students on stage to dance and act. But even after all of these lectures I was not prepared for the final lecture. This fall performance was unbelievable. It had me with goose bumps up and down my arms and legs. I could feel the beat of the drums through my whole body ND I automatically and unconsciously began swaying and tapping along to the beat. They immediately began pulling students from all over the lecture hall onto the stage and put some sort of instrument in their hand. Despite the fact that these students had never played such instruments they quickly picked up on them and joined in on the organized beat. Although this music was made up as It went along, and there were no written notes, it was still highly organized. The students knew they could not just play along to any beat they desired. There were still rules they had to abide by. As the stage continued on with their instruments, the audience was then engaged within the music with singing, clapping, dancing, and stomping. It was unreal. We all consolidated to actually compose our own beautiful music. Was amazed. The instructors some how managed to get every single person In that lecture hall participating In our freshly composed music. And from what I could see everyone seemed to be enjoying It Just as much as I was. It was a wonderful performance. It as by far the best performance all semester, as my teaching assistant informed us it woo a De. I am lucky to nave Eden addle to experience sun an event. Entering this course I did not have high expectations, it was only filling general education credits for me. However, now that I have successfully completed this course it was certainly so much more. I am fortunate enough to have been able to take such a class that bestowed me with such in depth introductions to various forms of arts, from photography, theater, Jazz, classical, dance, and so much more. How to cite Global Perspective, Papers

Louise Brooks And The Flapper Era Essays - Fashion, Flapper

Louise Brooks and The Flapper Era Louise Brooks and The Flapper Era The flapper era was the time of the worship of youth (pandorasbox/flapper). Flappers were women of the Jazz Age. They had measurements of pre-adolescent boys, with no waistline, no bust, and no butt. Flappers had short hair worn no longer than chin length, called bobs. Their hair was often dyed and waved into flat, head-hugging curls and accessorized with wide, soft headbands. It was a new and most original style for women. A lot of make-up was worn by flappers that they even put on in public which was once unheard of and considered something done only by actresses and whores. Flappers wore short, straight dresses often covered with beads and fringes, and they were usually worn without pantyhose. Young flappers were known to be very rebellious against their parents, and society blamed their waywardness partially on the media, movies, and film stars like Louise Brooks (Szabo). Louise Brooks was a big part of the Jazz Age and had a lot of influence on the women of the 1920's. Being a film star with a great, original personality she is known for being one of the most extraordinary women to set forth the Flapper era. Her sleek and smooth looks with her signature bob helped define the flapper look (pandorasbox/flapper). On November 14, 1906, in Cherryvale, Kansas, Mary Louise Brooks was born. She had two brothers, one sister, and parents, Leonard and Myra Brooks, who was a costume maker and pianist. In 1910, Brooks performed in her first stage role as Tom Thumb's bride in a Cherryvale church benefit. Over the next few years she danced at men's and women's clubs, fairs, and various other gatherings in southeastern Kansas. At ten years old she was already a serious dancer and very much interested in it. In 1920, Brook's family moved to Wichita, Kansas, and at 13 years old she began studying dance (pandorasbox/chron). Louise Brooks had a typical education and family life. She was very interested in reading and the arts, so in 1922 she traveled to New York City and joined the Denishawn Dance Company. This was the leading modern dance company in America at the time. In 1923, Brooks toured the United States and Canada with Denishawn by train and played a different town nearly every night, but one year later she leaves Denishawn and moves back to New York City. Not too long after her return, she gets a job as a chorus girl in the George White Scandals. Following this she and a good friend of hers sailed to Europe. At 17 years old she gained employment at a leading London nightclub. She became famous in Europe as the first person to dance the Charleston in London, and her performances were great successes (pandorasbox/chron). In 1925, Louise Brooks returned to New York and joins Ziegfeld Follier, and performed in the Ziegfeld production, Louie the 14th. That summer she had an affair with Charlie Chaplin. At the same time, Brooks also appeared in her first film, The Streets of Forgotten Men, and signed a five year contract with Paramount. This same year, she had her first appearance on a magazine cover. In 1926, she featured as a flapper in A Social Celebrity which launched her film career and introduced the flapper era (pandorasbox/chron). In 1933 Brooks married wealthy Chicago playboy Deering Davis, but within six months they were separated. In 1956, she met James Card, the legendary film creator at George Eastman House, and moved to Rochester, NY. Here she studied film and continued to write at the House. Throughout her life she finds employment on the radio, as a model, and stared in many more films in which many of them she portrayed the rapidly spreading style of a flapper. She is a miraculous woman who helped to unfold and expand the flapper era throughout the world (pandorasbox/chron). Not only did Louise Brooks have a great impact on the culture revitalization of the 1920's, but she also left contributions that are still evident today. The year is 2000, and everywhere we look this so-called "new fashion" is becoming popular, but look again. Dresses just above knee length with fringes and frills being worn by teenage girls and women, are the same style as those worn in the 1920's. The flappers of the 1920's also started a new phase of rebellion that would be passed on for decades. Before the 1920's, girls and women were always refined, reserved, "daddies' girls". This new era brought more unrefined, unpolished, and more rebellious girls. It brought

Theory of Traditional Chinese Social Structure Essays

Theory of Traditional Chinese Social Structure Essays Theory of Traditional Chinese Social Structure Essay Theory of Traditional Chinese Social Structure Essay Differential mode and relationship mode Professor Fees Differential Mode, initially developed from the biological differential. But because traditional Chinese groups have a strong sense of identity of blood, causing the groups naturally transformed into patterns of social relations between. 1. Differential Mode Professor Fee, with the perspective from the social relations of traditional Chinese social structure, and thus invented Differential Mode. He believes that the social structure of traditional Chinese is like a stone thrown into the water launch waves of irises. Every man is his introduction to the social impact of the center of the circle. By pushing the circle and the wave of the The contact took place. the tightness of contact between people, but also with the two In this corrugated circle to determine the distance In the distance. That Is, between a person and Relationships of others, like the ripples of water as to themselves as the center, introduced to a circle, the more push farther and also push more thinner. @ Proof. Fee the traditional Chinese differential pattern with the West group pattern were compared, and further lardier the structure of traditional China. In his view, Western society is often formed by a number of one group of people. Groups there is a certain limit, and who is the group where people, who are groups of people outside, not vague, we must distinguish. The people In the group a group, the relationship between the groups Is the same, if the same group or class in the respective groups, it is first required. Pattern in this group, the members are equal, so there is no similar blood the natural contact and poor, everyone is talking about the rights and obligations. If a member or less than their rights, or not doing the minimum obligations, are likely to leave the group. They are not human In the hot and cold, but of rights. In Western society Is the right fight, and It Is climbing In our relationship, about friendship. @ compared with the differential pattern, the pattern of functional groups relatively simple. For example, the Western family will be in business matters very little, the main function is to birth children. Children in this group is supporting, they grew up and became to leave the group. In their political, economic, religious and other groups to undertake other functions, not In the family since the beginning. And family home In China law, may owe respect and affection between couples, women with three criteria Trot ten Tour vulture, parents Ana centre pay attention to responsibility obedience. ($) even getting married adult children had to live away from their parents do not give board and lodging is very common. Of course, this analysis is Professor Fee Oxidation, Chinas society in terms of the main structure, not to say that Chinas rural society there is no group. Similarly, in western modern society, the same pattern of differential exists, but relatively important nothing more. In fact, these two patterns of the basic form of social structure , can be capable of distinguishing between the concept, in fact on the often coexist, but each side can see the winning nothing more. The reason to conduct such a distinction and emphasis, because this distinction can i ndeed help us to get a lot of social structure, a more realistic understanding of the various exemptions confusion. 2. Differential pattern: from the blood into the relationship between patterns of differential Between people to rank the differential social relations are the main features of the tatter, like the stone drowned generated ripples continue to spread outward circle. So, in real life, this intimacy between people is how far and near, the formation of social relations, or the interaction between the decision to rank the relationship that is based on what? Analysis from the perspective of Professor Fee Oxidation, based originally came from the blood relationship between people, blood differential. The difference between the sequence pattern derived from the biological nature of human kinship structures, used in the formation of social interaction between people u to the structure of social relations, is based on the blood by differential patterns of social relations. Difference from the blood into the pattern of social relations, not only is a qualitative change, but also a quantity (range) of the shrinking. Blood is the natural connection between people, to give each person a role can not change the blood. And, to rank the blood relationship is also very obvious, easy to distinguish. Such as relies instead between his father, their identity is fixed and can not be changed. Blood relationship between the two most pro recently. In comparison, relies instead ND uncles (fathers brother) relationship will have to sparse point further. This affinity for the distinct blood differential pattern of social relations between people provides an excellent basis. Also, because of this traditional Chinese kinship-based groups (clans) have a high degree of identity, kinship and thus formed the basis differential pattern of traditional Chinese social structure has become the main features. Biological significance and blood differential to push thousands of people, may have been introduced to include the infinite people, past, present, and future of the people. @ and China attaches great importance to the traditional blood groups ( clan), so that even happen due to human factors, blood ties broken, so that blood differential narrowed to a range of groups including the number of people are still considerable. In contrast, the formation of social relations between people in social interaction, and the scope of interaction, after all, is limited, therefore, the scope of social relations between people than the scope of the relationship between blood differential is much smaller . In other words, blood differential of the corrugated ricer Is greater than ten social relations AT ten corrugated circle. Sequence of blood corrugated circle, the circle formed by members of the group are essentially long-term and widespread traditional Chinese clan. Within the clan and relies instead members have social interaction constitute their own social relations as the center of the corrugated circle. Two corrugated circle Although there are groups within the clan, but the number of the former is obviously greater than the latter. Differential patterns of community circle Differential pattern of corrugated circle in , relies instead on in the center of the ins, relies instead and the other people in the circle of social relations depends on their affinity with the relies instead the distance. From relies instead on the more recent, more intimate relationship. This is the difference between the traditional sequence pattern revealed by the basic characteristics of social relations in China. Further analysis showed that this basic structure, there is still a community circle, it is still using the differential pattern of blood ties to further divided into inner and outer ring that the two most obvious affinities, Its purpose is to further consolidate ND strengthen the important social relations, to further clarify the criteria for social interaction. This is everyone individual capacity-limited results. 1 . Difference sequence pattern exists sector loop Corrugated circle shape of the difference sequence pattern, relies instead and the circle to the other person is sparse by the pro-social relationships, from relies instead on more pro-closer, the more far more sparse. Well, this closeness in everyday life is how to embody it? Apart from blood relations, but also influenced by what? Based on research by Professor Fee Oxidation, Relationships of daily life is not he embodiment of a balanced, progressive state, but have different emphases. This reflects the way of the main factors, in addition to blood, as well as the balance of rights and obligations. Social relations is an important social capital, therefore, for everyone, always hope and expand their social relations as much as possible the corrugated circle. Corrugated circle of the expansion, which means relies instead on acquired rights increases, while their obligations have increased. Social relationships is to rely on frequent interaction can be obtained, and each persons mime, energy, capacity is limited. As Professor Fee said, social relations, rights and obligations must be fairly balanced, this balance can be very long in time, but if one- sided, too much social relations will, unless coupled with coercive power, or will the broken. One way to prevent the break in reducing bear on social relations. Thus, the real world, people on the one hand to expand their social relations as much as possible the corrugated circle and the other terms and subject to their own time, energy, ability, etc. Had to corrugated circle inside a small and select the corrugated circle. In this small ripples circle, because of relies instead on a sufficient time, energy, ability, and therefore frequent interaction with other members, emotional intimacy, the right for each other big, too heavy obligations. In this small ripples circle, the interaction is small, the right to obtain a small, light obligations. This small ripples circle in the original large ripple ring internal, naturally formed a dividing lin e, a community circle. In order to relies instead as ten center to ten regally AT ten poor Dye ten pro-sequence pattern, ten community ricer pattern of the entire differential is further divided into Pro and Shush two parts, but also the whole pattern of differential into the inner and outer. 2. Demarcated boundary circle For blood groups in terms of traditional China, a differential pattern of corrugated circle is a clan. Within the group in this clan, there is a small inner circle family. Inner circle (family) relationship between the members, feelings of intimacy. Frequent interaction between members only, and are active cooperation and mutual assistance. Each member and their families at weddings and other events, the other embers must give money to send things (gifts), to show Ghee or mast, which is to fulfill it. Of course, there are affinities between members, fulfill their obligations when there are gifts of the thickness. They are outside with the family (outer ring) of the members are non-family relationships, feelings in general. The interaction between members is not only less negative and may contain contradictions and conflicts. So when the outer ring members and their families held funerals and other activities, members do not need money to send inner objects (their obligations). This preference sequence pattern inner ring is a traditional division of standards unique to Chinas five system. Five system rich in content, but also very complex (including blood, marriage, etc. ), here it specifically refers to Five blood, from relies instead proceed within the Five blood relatives (including spouse) (see Figure . The figure that is the traditional pattern of rural differential (clan) in the inner circle (family), the industry circle is clear: to relies instead as the center, extending to five generations, that the high grandparents down to the great-great-grandson and gather in law, peer extended to the family of siblings and spouses. In the (inner) within the members were relies instead relatives, while non-relatives outside the scope of that Book of Rites, mass communications, so-called VI relatives dried ca rry on. For example: a family of brothers and sisters and spouses, relies instead relatives, because they are within the blood in the Five Dynasties. But their children and relies instead is a non-kinship, blood relationship as more than five generations; again from siblings and spouses and relies instead is kinship, and is thin four generations of blood relations, therefore, their children and relies instead was still within the Five Dynasties, and therefore relationship. Circle cultural existence sector Differential Mode and industry circles began in differential blood, blood groups used in social relations, a thousand years, the main features of Chinese social structure. Also, because they are long-term presence in the traditional Chinese and eventually evolved into a concept of culture, and extensive penetration into the various non- blood of social groups, to be blood is one of the outstanding performance. It is this ultra penetration, making the differential pattern and industry circles from the blood can be based on a wide range of groups exist in unrelated, there is in non- traditional Chinese social structure. 1 . Community circle: from the blood groups blood groups to non-understanding of traditional essence order structure AT ten Downward Ana Walton ten circle, not only helps to know and understand Chinas past, but the study of Chinas future social structure and relationships more meaningful. This is because: in China by the traditional to modern in the transition process, in the differential blood-based tatter of gradual decline, we are very clear to see: the traditional Chinese blood differential, blood concept has been ingrained in peoples minds, so that no blood ties, people are also invariably mock out of blood contact, and accordingly the formation of social relations, distinguish between near and far. Between the father and son get along with mentoring, college roommate called each other by date of birth brother or sister, etc. That is, this simulation of the concrete embodiment. Using this to be blood method, from own home, from home to the country, from the country to the world, is a pathway. This shows that blood levels of the differential pattern in China has risen to the level of the difference between the concept of sequence pattern, forming a generally recognized by people of culture. That is, the blood group-based differential pattern has evolved into a con cept of culture, and the widespread nature of non-blood groups, especially those among the large number of informal groups. The concept of culture has been relatively independent, not only will not end with the weakening of traditional kinship groups, which dilute the contrary, in the future for a long period of time, it also its vitality and intention to maintain the social structure in China The differential pattern. 2. Demarcation of the cultural circle By cultural circle is relative to the blood in the differential in terms of the boundary circle is defined as the difference between the nature of non-blood groups in the sector sequence pattern circle. Order it in bad blood circle sector is significantly different: the boundary of blood in the differential blood circle in full compliance with the degree of kinship, position clear, that is relative (family members) and non- family (clan members) of the boundary; The location of the cultural circle is very legible and not bound by blood relationship, completely based on how much personal time, energy, strength and capacity size. For example, traditional social structure in the neighborhood is the status of each one do his own center, draw a circle around. A happy event to your wine, have a baby to send red eggs, a funeral undertakers to help out, a coffin Neighborhood size range by a central forces have determined the thickness. Influential people throughout the neighborhood can Village, a poor family neighborhood Just next to the two or three. Here called the ricer , range that is, cultural circles, is to be blood, Order Structure of the boundary circle. Left the blood relationship between the natural, cultural circles rely mainly on the interests, feelings, beliefs and so maintained. First, the community blood differential ring compared to the interest of maintaining the strength of a larger, overall, should be more than emotion. In other words, to be blood groups and individuals in the industry circle to maximize the rights and obligations of mostly minimization principle. Secondly, it should be and blood differential, as the power till comes from maintaining emotional, especially those between the original edge of the background with industry between groups, such as students circle, circle comrades, colleagues rings. Finally, with the accelerating process of cultural diversity, people AT Talent Dye ten same group Torment gradually Increased, ten Deterrence between the sequence of its internal ring pattern and less influenced by industry interests and the emotional impact, more by maintaining the level of faith. Cultural circle, determine the inner person and outer man and the main criteria or the standard differential blood, Just as watching a personal and their families in life (birth), the old (old birthday ), disease, death, marriage (wedding), and building, promotion and other big activities interact with other people. If you encounter such an event, always give money to send things to each other, it is the inner man, or is the outer ring of people. Especially in the many informal groups, such a standard is most clear. 3. Inner ring: difference sequence pattern of the most influential factors In addition to the whole Do not closeness function, the differential mode of existence of community circle also shows that: inner ring is a differential pattern in the core part of the pattern on the differential impact of the giant. And, in many formal social groups, the inner ring is often invisible to form small groups of one, small group, about the impact of even the normal operation of formal organizations. Differential pattern of circles and the location of the boundary determined by the boundary circle carved out of the inner and outer rings, are on the society and its development in terms of the general situation. When the differential pattern of abnormal external environment changes, even the blood differential will change the boundary circle.

James Polk 11th President Facts

James Polk 11th President Facts James K. Polk (1795-1849) served as Americas eleventh president. He was known as the dark horse as he was not expected to beat his opponent, Henry Clay. He served as president during a period of manifest destiny, overseeing the Mexican War and the entry of Texas as a state.   ere is a quick list of fast facts for James Polk. For more in depth information, you can also read the James Polk Biography.   Birth: November 2, 1795 Death: June 15, 1849 Term of Office: March 4, 1845-March 3, 1849 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term First Lady: Sarah Childress James Polk Quote: No President who performs his duties faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure.Additional James Polk Quotes Major Events While in Office: Oregon Treaty (1846) Mexican War (1846-1848) States Entering Union While in Office: Texas (1845) Iowa (1846)Wisconsin (1848) Significance:   James K. Polk increased the size of the US more than any other president other that Thomas Jefferson due to the acquisition of New Mexico and California after the   Mexican-American War. He also completed a treaty with England that resulted in the US gaining the  Oregon Territory. He was an  effective chief executive during the  Mexican-American War. Historians consider him to be the best one-term president. Related James Polk Resources: These additional resources on James Polk can provide you with further information about the president and his times. James Polk BiographyTake a more in depth look at the Eleventh president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, their terms of office and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: John TylerZachary TaylorList of American Presidents

The point of making people and organizations more accountable Essay

The point of making people and organizations more accountable - Essay Example This is because there are the stakeholders who need current information on the status of their concerns. For example, in an international session that looked at accountability across all sectors involved in HIV, including community, government and UN, a reporter reported that - The movement is now fragmented. There are some new voices but it's not representative of everyone. And ever since treatment became accessible, the sense of urgency is lost. Many activists who were fighting for their lives have now gone on medication and gone back to having full time jobs (Narayanan, 2006). One strong point of making people and organizations more accountable is that people's ability to realise their rights to resources have increased (Newell &Wheeler, 2006b). Accordingly more responsive institutions enable people to gain access to resources, equipping them with legal frameworks, citizen engagements, understanding of accountability, and state-market relations. Citizens are taught a range of informal and formal strategies to demand accountability, too. Another reason in making people and organizations more accountable is to fight the perception that the organization is illegitimate. Therefore, organizations, especially those international in scope, need to increase transparency, improve accountability, and think harder about norms for global governance (Nye, 2001). By increasing visibility, criticism may be minified (Lloyd & de Las Casas, 2005). It cannot also be discounted that some organizations are speaking up on behalf of marginalized communities and have facilitated the participation of these communities in such matters as HIV/AIDS response (Code of Good Practice, 2004). There are questions then about the quality and accountability of programmes being delivered by some organizations. NGOs are said to have lacked resources, technical skills or experience, and this has implications for the quality of programming, monitoring and evaluation of these programmes (Code of Good Practice, 2004). The truth is that not everyone benefits equally from programmes so that attention has to be given to issues of intra-community accountability, adequate channels of representation, and new mechanisms for inclusion and participation (Newell & Wheeler, 2006b). This sense of community as a reason for accountability was also emphasized by Johnsson (1996). Another is that while markets have bonded people together, environmental, social, and political interdependence have also increased (Nye, 2001). There is concern that humanitarian agencies have no accepted body of professional standards to guide their work, especially when new ones are coming into the humanitarian sector. A truism is that whether experienced or newly-created, humanitarian assistance agencies could make mistakes, be misguided or sometimes misuse the trust placed in them (Borton, 1994). Moreover, any allocation of resources needs guidance (Code of Good Practice, 2004). There is also the need for donors to be more accountable to those they aim to support and those they press to reform (Newell & Wheeler, 2006b). History is replete with peoples' fight from developing countries with country borrowings with the World Bank and IMF. Indeed, rational behaviour (Olson et al, 1998) is one point of making

Project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Project 3 - Essay Example The steps in action research are sequential in nature. One first identifies a problem, gathers data, interprets the data, action based on the data, reflects, and plans on the data after which he or she writes, shares or publicizes the obtained information. Teachers, students alongside co-researchers who are prepared to challenge the status quo usually conduct this systematic process. Therefore, action research is an important tool and parcel that enlightens the teachers in diverse education settings on ways of improving operations at their educational centers, how they ought to teach, and ways with which the students can learn and gain information with ease. Furthermore, action research seeks to bring together action and reflection, theory and practice, in participatory with others in the pursuit of practical solutions to issues of pressing concern to people and more generally to the flourishing of individual persons in their communities. This paper gives a summary of scientific and action research theory that is great significance to researchers including students. In summary, the scientific-technical view of problem solving is one of the most vital teaching strategies that employ the scientific and action research methods in searching for information. In simpler terms, various individuals including teachers have conceptualized problem solving as a systematic approach of defining the problem and creating a vast number of possible scientific or technological solutions without judging them. This primarily involves the students and hones their skills as it enables them to become active participants in the learning process. Five basic steps need to be followed in order to come up with a myriad of stellar scientific solutions to the depicted problems as required under action research. The technique enables students to be taught and trained to be sensitive to

What Are The Effects Of Acid Rain?

What Are The Effects Of Acid Rain? Part I What is Acid Rain? Acid rain is a general term that refers to the deposition of acidic materials from the atmosphere on the surface of the earth. Therefore it is more appropriately called acid deposition. There are two types of acid deposition, wet deposition and dry deposition. Wet deposition, or acid precipitation, refers to acidic rain, snow, hail or sleet. It occurs when pollutants such as Sulphur and Nitrogen oxides (SOx, NOx) are present in the atmosphere and react with water vapor to form acidic solutions such as Sulphurous Acid (H2SO3), Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), Nitrous Acid (HNO2) and Nitric Acid (HNO3) that fall to Earths surface as precipitation. Dry deposition refers to the deposition of particles and gases of Sulphur and Nitrogen oxides (SOx, NOx) on Earths surface. These particles and gases become acids when they react with water on the surface of the Earth. Natural precipitation has a pH of about 5.6. It is slightly acidic due to dissolved Carbon dioxide (CO2). I n comparison, acid deposition usually has a pH of about 4.3 5.0. As stated above, acid deposition is caused by pollutants in the atmosphere. The majority of these pollutants are released in to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. Fuels such as coal and oil contain Sulphur and when they are burned they elease it. When Sulphur is released into the atmosphere by combustion it reacts accordingly: S + O2 Æ’Â   SO2 Sulphur released by the burning of fuels such as oil and coal reacts with Oxygen in the air to yield Sulphur dioxide. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 Sulphur dioxide reacts with the Oxygen in the air to yield Sulphur trioxide SO2 + H2O Æ’Â   H2SO3 SO3 + H2O Æ’Â   H2SO4 Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide react with water, either in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth, to yield Sulphurous Acid and Sulphuric Acid Combustion of fuels in cars releases another pollutant, Nitrogen gas. Once Nitrogen gas is released in to the atmosphere by combustion it reacts accordingly: N2 + O2 Æ’Â   2NO N2 + 2O2 Æ’Â   2NO2 Nitrogen gas reacts with Oxygen in the air to yield Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide 2NO + O2 2NO2 Nitric oxide reacts with oxygen in the air to yield Nitrogen dioxide 2NO2 + H2O Æ’Â   HNO2 + HNO3 Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water, either in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth, to yield Nitrous Acid and Nitric Acid. Small amounts of these pollutants are also released into the atmosphere naturally. Decomposing vegetation releases gases that contribute to pollutants in the atmosphere. Lightning produces Nitric oxide (NO) and volcanic eruptions release Sulphur dioxide (SO2). Some atmospheric chemists such as Dr. Ronald Prinn believe that acid rain has been around for millions of years. Dr. Prinn believes that acid rain could be responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs. However, the first known observation of acid rain did not take place until the 19th century, around the time of the Industrial Revolution. It was Robert Angus Smith, an English scientist, who came up with the term acid rain in 1872 when he observed that acidic precipitation was damaging plants. Acid rain was not considered a major environmental concern until the 1970s when scientists observed the effects of acid rain on ecosystems. When it was made clear that acid rain has negative impacts on ecosystems and that it is not only a regional issue but rather an international one, governments began to get involved. In 1991, Canada and the United States signed the Canada-US Air Quality Agreement and committed to reduce SOx and NOx emissions. Part II How does Acid Rain affect our Society? Acid rain has an extremely negative impact on our society. The most devastating consequence of acid rain is the affect that it has on terrestial as well as aquatic ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems, acid rain destroys plants. Acid rain causes toxic metals such as aluminum, copper, lead, manganese and zinc to leach out of rocks and soils. Additionally, nutrients present in topsoil leach down to the subsoil. Plant growth is significantly decreased in soils lacking nutrients and rich in poisonous alumnium. The other toxic metals released by acidic soil kill earthworms and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, both of which are essential to plant growth. Acid rain can also wears away the protective coating of leaves. These consequences also have an effect on the agriculture industry. Many crops cannot grow in soils that are lacking nutrients and contain aluminum. Furthermore, acid rain destroys many food crops such as radishes, tomatoes and apples. The effects of acid rain extends to aquatic eco systems. The toxic substances that are leached out of rocks and soil can be washed in to lakes and rivers. Fish are easily poisoned by these toxic substances. The acidic environment that acid rain creates in lakes and rivers is also harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms. The acidity kills many organisms that are usually at the bottom of a complex aquatic food chain. The food chain then collapses and the populations of many organisms significantly decrease. Acid rain also interrupts fish reproduction as it can destroy fish eggs. There are many more negative effects of acid rain. Fresh water supply can be contaminated by the acidity as well as by the metals that are leached from rocks and soil due to acid rain. Acid rain can also corrode water transportation pipes, allowing metal to enter the water supply. Another consequence of acid rain is the effect that it has on a cityscape. Acid rain can significantly damage metal and stone structures. Finally, acid rain can have an affect on human health. Contaminated water can cause health concerns. The SOx and NOx in dry deposition can cause numerous respiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis. Furthermore, Nitrogen oxides (NOx) can react with volatile organic compounds in the air near the surface of the Earth to yield Ozone, which can be very detrimental to the respiratory system. Part III What should we do about Acid Rain? There are two methods that can be taken when approaching the issue of acid rain. We can either ignore the issue or we can do something about it and attempt to control the problem. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. If we ignore acid rain, nothing will be done to control or stop it and we will continue to suffer from its consequences. The advantage of this method is that no resources have to be expended. Governments, industries and citizens do not have to invest any money in to attempting to solve the problem. Governments do not have to invest in new energy sources. Industries can go on using current techniques without having to invest in new strategies in order to assist in solving the problem. Citizens can also go on without trying to conserve resources in order to attempt to stop acid rain. However, the disadvantage of this method is that acid rain will remain a threat to terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, the agriculture industry, cityscapes, fresh wate r supplies and human health. If acid rain continues the effects could be devastating. The second method is to do something about the problem and attempt to control acid rain. In order to do so pollutant emissions must be reduced, alternative sources of energy must be found and used, resources must be conserved, polices must be put in place in order to protect air quality and lakes and rivers must be neutralized. The advantage to this method is that it has the potential to control or even stop acid rain. By doing so we can save many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, increase yield of crops, prevent damage to cityscapes, keep supplies of fresh water clean and eliminate any risk of human health being put at risk due to acid rain. However, the disadvantage to this method is that it is very expensive. It also requires governments, industries and citizens to take action. To reduce pollutant emissions, companies have to invest in new cleaner technology. Such technology includes Sulphur s crubbers in factories and catalytic converters in cars. These technologies are expensive and require a large investment from industries. Furthermore, if policies are put in place in order to maintain air quality, many companies will have to invest in new technology in order to meet these new regulations. In order to find and use new energy sources industries as well as governments will have to invest a large amount of money into research and implementation. Additionally, neutralizing lakes and rivers that have been damaged by acid rain with limestone will also require the government to spend a large amount of money. All of these costs will eventually be passed down to the consumer as well as the citizen. In order to control acid rain we must also conserve our natural resources. This will be very hard for a society that is driven by exploitation. Revenues of many companies might go down if consumers begin to conserve. Revenues also may go down if companies begin consider the environm ent before they consider profit. After examining the advantages and disadvantages of ignoring the situation and controlling the situation, I think that we must control it. It would be wrong to ignore acid rain and the advantages of controlling it really outweigh its disadvantages. Controlling and trying to eliminate acid rain will be expensive and require governments, industries and citizens to take action but it is the right thing to do. We must save our ecosystems, our crops, our cities, our water and our health from the detrimental effects of acid rain. Ebola Virus: History, Causes and Effects Ebola Virus: History, Causes and Effects K.G Shayani Upulika Ebola Virus Outbreak: The deadline and incurable Hemorrhagic fever. Contents (Jump to) 1.1 Introduction to Ebola virus 1.2 History of Ebola virus. 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola virus 1.5 Diagnosis methods of Ebola virus. 1.6 Treatments for Ebola virus 1.7 Conclusion. References: 1.1 Introduction to Ebola virus Identification of natural reservoir for Ebola virus was not possible by researchers for decades but recently a scientist named Leroy presented most acceptable evidence that three species of fruit bats called Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata are wildlife reservoirs for Ebola virus (Biek et al, 2006). Ebola virus is associated with acute fatal hemorrhagic symptoms for human and non-human primates when they get escaped from their wildlife reservoir hosts, Ebola virus is consider as a filo virus and one of the most lethal viruses known the five species of Ebola virus have been identified as Ivory Coast Ebola virus, Sudan Ebola virus, Zaire virus, Reston Ebola virus Ebola and Bundibugyo Ebola virus (Yuan et al, 2012). In the present situation of Ebola virus has a 90% death rate and the main site of first immerging is the region of Guinea’s southeastern forest region and this spilled throughout the entire Africa and some regions of the world (Bausc h and Schwarz, 2014). 1.2 History of Ebola virus. Ebola virus was first identified in 1976 in Congo of central Africa, It initially named as Zaire as it first found in town of Yambuku and after Yambuku outbreak the virus was vanished, but Ebola reappeared again in 1989 (Draper, 2002).The biomedical scientists first discovered the family of virus filoviridea when Marburg virus first appeared in 1967 and at that time commercial laboratory workers with sever and unusual disease symptoms were admitted to hospital in Marburg, Germany (peters and Ledue, 1999). After the discovery of Ebola it has re-appeared cyclically; most of the Ebola outbreaks are restricted to rural regions in central Africa and have never participated more than 500 cases, first Ebola case were noticed in February in wild areas of south Guinea and it has grown so strongly and spread so rapidly in terms of affected people and earthly spread those are Guinea, large parts of Liberia and Sierra, Lennon are disease ridden (Klenk, 2014). The virus has persisted in Africa and many fatal outbreaks in human and non-human primates have been reported and the History of Ebola virus is still unclear when doing researches Ebola virus strains with complete glycoprotein genes, including Zaire, sudan.reston, Tai forest, and bundibugya were analyzed (Li and Chen, 2013). After finding the way of coming the Ebola virus to south Africa scientists have found that the virus have always been there in the region but people just never noticed, therefor it has recently introduced then the first report and phylogenetic investigations on the Guinea outbreak proposed that the Ebola virus found in Guinea is a noticeable strain from that observed in central Africa, Therefore Ebola virus is not a newcomer to the region, it has been circulating for some time in Guinea,and have become a sudden threat to human beings (Schwarz, and Bausch, 2014). Figure 1.1 Map of the three countries involved in the 2013-2014 outbreak of Ebola virus as of June 20 2014(Schwarz and Bausch, 2014). 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus The family filoviridae with order Mononegavirales contains two generas, as Marburg virus and Ebola virus (EBOV) (Kuhn et al., 2012). Ebola virus is again divided in to many species such as Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) Sudan Ebola virus, Ta forest Ebola virus and Reston Ebola virus (REBOV) (Kuhn et al., 2012). VP40 is the major Ebola virus matrix protein and it plays a major role in virus assembly and budding. This virus have a diameter averagely 57 .58 nm and it differ slightly for VP40+VP35 at 63.64nm, VP40+VP35+NP at 66.75nm (Johnson, Bell and Harty, 2006).Ebola virus particle is uniform with uniform diameter of 80 nm but Ebola virus particles are greatly varying from their morphology including long up to about 14  µm, sometimes these particles are branched filaments or shorter filaments shaped like ‘6’, ‘u’ or a circle and the size of this viral genome considered as 19 kb (Cencciarelii et al, 2014). However this fever referred as a group of illness that ca used by viruses belongs to diverse range of families which includes Lassa fever, rift valley fever and so on and It may lead to overall vascular damage and usually accompanied by hemorrhage (Ratanshi et al, 2014). Filo virus outbreaks are specific because these viruses can intersperse by years or even decades without showing any disease activity and last new species of Ebola virus was found 14 years before in Ivory Coast (Towner et al., 2008). Ebola virus is characterized by secondary transmission and high case fatality and also by filamentous enveloped particles however treating Ebola virus was a challenged situation after infection because these virus consists recombinant human activated protein C(rhAPC) ,recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (rNCPc2), small interfering RNA(si RNA) ( Qui et al, 2014). 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola virus Ebola virus is an invasive pathogen that can cause a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in both human and non-human beings this virus runs its course within 14 to 21 days and the infection initially present with non-specific symptoms like fever, myalgia and malaise as infection proceeds patients starts to show large bleeding and coagulation deformities including gastrointestinal bleeding, rash and a wide varieties of hematological irregularities (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2014).The initial symptoms of Ebola virus are non-specific, including fever, rash and vomiting, The most generally experienced symptoms were non-bloody diarrhea (81%) and asthenia (77%) and Seven patient reported were observed with hemorrhagic symptoms, and out of seven six of patient died(Roddy et al, 2012).The incubation period after exposure to virus is typically 8 to 10 days but it can be as short as 2 days and extended to 21 days and the net death rate is high as 90%.Most people with Ebola die within 2 weeks of di sease onset (Turner, 2014). 1.5 Diagnosis methods of Ebola virus. Numbers of newer technologies were applied for the diagnosis of Ebola virus infection some of them are antigen detection assay, utilized extensively in the Reston outbreak and its investigation, these methods allowed a fast and unique recognition of Ebola virus in the blood of severly ill individuals even in rural areas also nonspecific detection of antibodies by the unintended fluorescent antibody test in humans during Reston investigation led to the adaptation of the enzyme (Kaslow, Stanberry and Due, 2014). Ebola virus disease can proved with various lab tests depending on the on the stage of the disease, within a few days of infection immunosobent assay, antigen detection tests, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and virus location by cell culture is used (Plotkin, Oreanstein an Offit, 2008). after the patient get back to normal immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G can be found, after death immunohistochemistry, PCR and isolation of the virus can be done the exact diagnosis can be done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ELISA antigen testing furthermore clarifications on viral replication inside cells can be done through measurements of IgM antibodies ( Plotkin, Oreanstein an Offit, 2008). Diagnosis of Ebola comes in to play when symptoms and signs of fever, illness, petechial rash and disseminated bleeding are observed and most of the accurate diagnosis is done by using a polymerase chain reaction detection assay and can be confirmed by detection of viral replication in Vero cells (Plotkin, Orenstein and Offit, 2008). Ebola is mainly diagnosed from the symptoms and blood test here mainly looks for the presence of antibodies in the virus at earlier days detecting a infected patient was not easy and once recognized the patient must be isolated and relevant authorities should notified (Horobin, 2008). 1.6 Treatments for Ebola virus No effective treatments for Ebola virus at this time. Anti-viral medications currently available have no effect on Ebola virus. Care for patients with Ebola virus infection consists maintaining fluid and electrolyte equilibrium via oral or I.V. hydration, supporting oxygenation and BP, Adjustments of coagulation and treating comorbidities such as a concurrent bacterial infection (Turner, 2014). However without recommended vaccines or treatments Ebola virus management has been limited and barrier methods and prevention methods also become limited but a combination of monoclonal antibodies (ZMapp), optimized from two previous antibody cocktails, is able to rescue 100% of rhesus macaques when treatments is only initiated up to 5 days, High fever, abnormalities in blood count and vireamia were some evidences in animals before ZMapp invention after that advanced disease as indicated by increased liver enzymes, mucosal hemorrhage and generalized petechial could be reversed leading to a ful l recovery (Qiu et al, 2014). There are no licensed vaccines currently available against Ebola virus but many applicable vaccine platforms have been tested for their efficiency against the virus and this treatment includes exposed or lipid encapsulated DNA, particles like virus arrangements, Vesicular stomatitis virus, strain Indiana, Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) , vaccinia, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and replication-deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdHu5) vectors(Richardson et al, 2011). Due to the absence of specific therapies, filo virus ward clinicians give infected patients with the supportive care regime consist of oral medication, oral fluid rehydration, nutritional additives and physiological aid (Roddy et al, 2012). 1.7 Conclusion. Ebola virus is considered as one of the most lethal virus found so far and it has extremely high mortality rate therefore according to the doctors and experts point of view anyone who has stayed in areas where Ebola outbreak have recently been reported should have knowledge about the symptoms of infection and seek medical advices at the first sign of illness. Many reasons are there for this highly lethal disease to be spread largely, the most important reason is hospitals lack medical equipment such as surgical gloves, masks and hypodermic syringes to inject medicines to patients and clean water and also the lack of high standard medical laboratories for the medical tests to done on the virus is also a major issue. The spread of knowledge about the Ebola virus is expected to solve another big part of the problem therefore prevention of a worldwide outbreak lies within the education of the virus, how Ebola victims can properly treated and by performing suitable action to isolate the v irus before it has spread and maintaining hygienic conditions as much as possible.   References: Biek, R., Walsh, P. D., Leroy, E.M. and Real, L. A. (2006) ‘Recent common ancestry of Ebola virus found in a bat reservoir’, Plos pathogens, 2(10) pp. 1-3. [Online] DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020090 (Accessed: 20 October 2014). Bausch, D. G. and Schwarz, L. (2014) ‘Outbreak of Ebola virus in Guinea: where ecology meets Economy’, PLOS Neglected tropical diseases, 8(7) pp. 1-5. [Online] DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003056 (Accessed: 20 October 2014). Cenciarelii, O., Pietropaoli, S., Frusteri, L., Malizia, A., Carestia, M., Amico, F. D., Sassolini,A., Giovanii, D. D., Tamburrini, A., Palombi, L.,Bellecci, C. and Gaudi, P. (2014) ‘Biological Emergency Management: The Case of Ebola 2014 and the air transportation involvement’, Microbial and Biochemical Technology, 6(5) pp. 1-7. [Online] DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000152 (Accessed: 22 October 2014). Draper, A. S. (2002)’ Epidemics, deadly disease throughout the history Ebola’ .Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=FohdK6o-8WICpg=PA1focus=viewportdq=history+of+ebolaoutput=html_text. (Accessed: 20 October 2014). Horobin, W. (2008) Diseases and Disorders. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=-HRJOElZch8Cpg=PA303dq=diagnosis+of+ebolahl=ensa=Xei=FB4-VNrvJ5fpoASNrIGwAgved=0CEwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=diagnosis of ebolaf=false. (Accessed: 25 October 2014). Johnson, R. F., Bell, P and Harty, R. N. (2006) ‘Effect of Ebola virus proteins GP,NP and VP35 on VP40 VLP morphology’, Springer, 9(11) pp.1-20.[Online] DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-3-31 (Accessed: 22 October 2014). Khun, J.H., Becker, S., Ebihara, H., Geisbert, T. W. and Jahrling, P. B.(2012) ‘Virus taxonomy ninth report of the international committee on taxonomy of virus’, filoviridae , 8(8) pp. 665-671.[Online] .Available at: www.plospathogens.org (Accessed:28 September 2014). Klenk, H. D., (2014) ’Lessons to be learned from the Ebola virus outbreak in west Africa’, Emerging Microbes and Infections. 11(3) pp. 1-1. [Online]. DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.68 (Accessed: 20 October 2014). Kaslow, R. A., Stanberry, L. R. and Due, J. W. L.(2014) Viral infection of human. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=sxakBAAAQBAJpg=PA344dq=diagnosis+of+ebolahl=ensa=Xei=PRM9VPCVLpeMuASM6YKoDgved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=diagnosis of ebolaf=false. (Accessed: 25 October 2014). Li, Y. H, and Chen, S. P.,(2013) ‘ Evolutionary history of Ebola virus’, Epidemiology and infection, 142(6). pp.1-3. [Online]. DOI: 10.1017/SO950268813002215 (Accessed: 20 October 2014). Peters, C. J. and Ledue, J. W. (1999) ‘An introduction to Ebola: the virus and the disease’, Ebola: The Virus and the Disease, 179(1) pp. 1-8. [Online] DOI: 10.1086/514322 (Accessed :20 October 2014). Plotkin, S. A., Orenstein, W. A. and Offit, P. A. (2008) Vaccines. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=hoigDQ6vdDQCpg=PA1061dq=diagnosis+of+ebolahl=ensa=Xei=PRM9VPCVLpeMuASM6YKoDgved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=diagnosis of ebolaf=false. (Accessed: 25 October 2014). Qiu, X., Wong, G., Audet, J., Bello, A., Fernando, L., Alimonti, J. B., Bovendo, H. F., Wei, H., Aviles, J., Hiatt, E., Jhonson, A., Morton, J., Swope, K., Bohorova, O., Goodman, C., Kim, D., Pauly, M. H., Velasco, J., Pettitt, J., Olinger, G. G., Whaley, K., Xu, B., Strong, J. E., Zeitlin, L. and Kobinger, G. P.,(2014) ‘Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp’, Nature, 1 (0), pp. 1-15.[Online] DOI: 10.1038/nature13777 (Accessed: 23 October 2014). Qiu, X., Wong, G., Audet, J., Bello, A., Fernando, L., Alimonti, B., Bovendo, H. F., Wei, H., Aviles, J., Hiatt, E., Johnson, A., Morton, J., Swope, K., Bohorov, O., Bohorova, N., Goodman, C., Kim, D., Pauly, M. H., Velasco, J., Pettitt, J., Olinger, G. G.,Whaley, K., Xu, B., Strong, J. E and Zeitlin, L. (2014) ‘Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp’, Nature, 11 (7) pp. 1-4. [Online] DOI: 10.1038/nature13777 (Accessed: 26 October 2014). Ratanshi, R. S., Elbireer, A., Mayanja, F., Coutinho, A., Merry, C. (2014) ‘Ebola outbreak response; experience and development of screening tools for viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in HIV center of excellence near to VHF epicenters’, VHF screening during an Ebola outbreak in large Ugandan HIV clinic, 9 (7), pp. 1-8.[Online] Available at: www.plosone.org. (Accessed: 22 October 2014). Roddy, P., Howard, N., Kerkhove, M. D. V., Lutwama, J., Wamala, J., Yoti, Z., Colebunders, R., Palma, P. P., Sterk, E., Jeffs, B., Herp, M. V., Borchert, M. (2012) ‘Clinical Manifestations and Case Management of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Caused by a Newly Identified Virus Strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007–2008’, Ebola Clinical Manifestations and Case Management, 7 (12) pp. 1-12. [Online] Available at: www.plosone.org (Accessed: 24 October 2014). Richardson, J. S., Wong, G., Pillet, S., Schindle, S., Ennis, J., Turner, J., Strong, J. E., and Kobinger, G. P. (2011) ‘Evaluation of Different Strategies for Post-Exposure Treatment of Ebola Virus Infection in Rodents’, Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense, 11 (7) pp. 1-1. [Online] DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S1-007 (Accessed: 26 October 2014). Roddy, P., Howard, N., Kerkhove, M. D. V., Lutwama, J., Wamala, J., Yoti, Z., Colebunders, R., Palma, P. P., Sterk, E., Jefffs, B., Herp, M. V and Bochert, M. (2012) ‘Clinical Manifestations and Case Management of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever Caused by a Newly Identified Virus Strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007–2008’, Ebola Clinical Manifestations and Case Management, 7(12) pp. 1-12. [Online] Available at: www.plosone.org (Accessed: 26 October 2014). Schwarz, L. and Bausch, D. G., (2014) ‘Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea:where ecology meets economy’, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(7) pp.1-5.[Online] Available at: www.plosntds.org. (Accessed: 20 October 2014). Sullivan, N., Young, Z. Y. and Nabel, G. J. (2014) ‘Ebola virus pathogenesis: Implications for vaccines and therapies’, Journal of virology, 88 (21) pp. 1-4. [Online] DOI: 10.1128/JVI.18.9733-9737.2003 (Accessed: 24 October 2014). Turner, C. (2014) ‘Ebola virus disease: An emerging threat’, Nursing, 44 (9) pp. 1-1. [Online] DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000453010.02525.ca (Accessed: 24 October 2014). Towner, J. S., Sealy, T. S., Khristova, M. L., Albarino, C. G., Reeder, S. A., Quan, P.L., Lipkin, W. L., Downing, R., Tappero, J. W., Okware, S., Lutwama, J., Bakamutumaho, B., Kaiwa, J., Comer, J. A., Rollin, P. E., Ksiazek, T. G., Nichol, S.T. (2008) ‘Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in uganda’, New species of Ebola virus in Uganda,4 (11), pp. 1-6. [Online] Available at: www.plospathogens.org (Accessed: 23 October 2014). Turner, C. (2014) ‘Ebola virus disease: An emerging threat’, Nursing, 44 (9) pp. 1-1. [Online] DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000453010.02525.ca (Accessed: 25 October 2014). Turner, C. (2014) ‘Ebola virus disease: An emerging threat’, Nursing, 44 (9) pp. 1-1. [Online] DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000453010.02525.ca (Accessed: 26 October 2014). Yuan, J., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, L. F. and Shi, Z. (2012) ‘Serological evidence of Ebola virus infection in bats, China’, Virology Journal, 9(236) pp. 1-5. [Online] DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-236 (Accessed: 20 October 2014). 1

The Geography of the Olympics

The London 2012 Olympics has had a massive effect on the world, in particular the UK. Geographically speaking the Olympic park is located in Stratford, East London. The Olympics is obviously a huge financial outlay, but it is not just for the 2 weeks of the games. Urban regeneration: The Stratford area was previously a under developed and unpleasant area of London. Due to the Olympics the ?4 billion urban regeneration of the 73 hectares of land within the M25 has been started, with Stratford at its heart. The new facilities will include over 100 shops, leisure facilities, hotels and schools. One area of Stratford is currently being developed to be the most significant business district since Canary Wharf, this is planned to provide space for up to 30’000 workers. Stratford’s residents have also benefitted from the athlete’s village, the poor standard of the previous housing has led to their demolition and residents will now be able to access the former athlete’s village as part of an affordable/social housing scheme. The inclusion of 11’000 new homes in the Olympic park area will provide what Boris Johnson dubbed â€Å"the most important urban regeneration project in the next 25 years. It was perhaps most needed in this area of London as it had one of the lowest GDP’s in Britain with unemployment peaking at 20% after the demise of what were once the world’s largest docks. The area was very undesirable and often dubbed stinky Stratford because of the slaughterhouses and noxious industries that operated there. A consequence of all this was the housing, before the Olympics it consisted of post-world war prefabs. (Sources: Gaurdian. co. uk/Live discussion- regeneration/ July 2012 & London2012. com/ Regeneration games/November 2011) Transport: With 204 countries competing in the 2012 and over 11 million tickets on sale, people from all around the globe will be travelling to see Olympic events. This influx of people needs significant public transport and a superb infrastructure in order to run smoothly. International arrivals/departures by plane relied on the continuous operation of major airports around the world and the transport links directly to major areas of London in particular, Stratford. This was facilitated by regular trains and buses running between the locations. Since the London 2012 games, Stratford train station has become the third largest station in the UK for the number of trains stopping there. The People: As well as including thousands of people from around the world the Olympics also managed to attract all age groups from young children to pensioners. This sets the Olympics apart from other events; the ability to include such a vast age range is incredibly hard it is event such as the Olympics that enable such a large demographic to come together. For the first time in Olympic history there was a female team member from each of the competing countries, this was a particular change for Saudi Arabia who let two women into the team this year in contrast to none in its Olympic history. The Finances: In the background of the photo it is clear to see the large steel structure. This was donated by Lakshmi Mittal, the owner of ArcelorMittal which is the world's leading integrated steel and mining company. The tower is named the ‘Orbit’ and is located in Orbit Circus to the East of the Olympic Stadium. Mr Mittal has long been a supporter of the Olympics, setting up a trust for aspiring Indian athletes after Indian won only one medal in the 2000 Olympics. Despite being of Indian origin he decided to fund the project in the UK, this clearly demonstrates a sense of globalisation as financial support came from philanthropists all over the world. The economic effects of the Olympics have also been demonstrated by many large corporations, such as Whitbread, the group including Premier Inn, 4 restaurant chains and Costa Coffee. They revealed that sales had pushed Whitbread to the top of the FTSE 100 risers, up 106p to ?22. 05. An average increase of around 5% across the group. Furthermore the construction of the Olympic sites has created 46’000 jobs, much of the workforce sourced locally to retain the financial benefits within the local area. Moreover the active encouragement of a healthy lifestyle generated by the Olympics has a significant impact upon the attitudes viewers have about sport and their health. Theoretically the long term effects of the Olympics could mean the government saves money in areas such as health care treatments associated with obesity and unhealthy living. This in turn would enable a higher proportion of taxes to be spent on further urban regeneration or other public interests. (Sources: Gaurdian. co. uk/Live discussion- regeneration/ July 2012 & Whitbread PLC/ Trading Update/ September 2012) The Economic benefits of the Olympics were hyped up to an un-believable level by some sources, figures circulated at around ?3. Billion from respected organizations such as Visa. This would have meant a 3. 5% rise in the UK’s overall economic output annually. It was also expected that between 2013-2015, all the UK regions would benefit financially totaling 2. 74 Billion in extra money spent by visitors. When broken down into sectors, the High street retailers were expected to gain the most totaling ?705 million, surprisingly the transport sector faired as the lowest e arner totaling just ?81 million. Therefore Visa came to the conclusion that the total ‘economic legacy’ would be ?5. 3 Billion by 2015. However, now the main Olympic Games have come to an end analysts, are broadcasting a contrasting opinions based on the financial figures from the games. The more realistic increase in the nation’s output for 2012 is likely to be around 1%, less than a third of the original predictions for the Olympics alone. This 1% would also include the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee which was estimated to have increase output by 0. 4% along with the 0. 1% of growth gained from ticket sales (doesn’t count as the Olympic effect) to a total of 0. %. So, even without the Olympic effect, output should increase by 0. 5% between the second and third quarters. For the economy to register even zero growth in 2012 as a whole output needs to rise by 1% this quarter and remain at that level in the final quarter. Several major think-tank’s and The Bank of England have cut the ir UK growth predictions to between 0% and -0. 7% after disappointing Olympic revenue. (Source: Visa Europe/Economic impact report/ July 2011 & Guardian. co. uk/Olympics-why the British economy isn’t a winner/August 2012)