Edgar Allan Poe s The Pit And The Pendulum - 2286 Words

Edgar Allan Poe has written many different stories and poems throughout his lifetime and the common themes of death, horror, and mystery help to prove him as a Gothic Literature writer. Many of his ideas came from his own life because he had a very hard life growing up involving a lot of death of loved ones. Throughout his stories, he has a common motif of suspense that help to exemplify the Gothic Literature sense. He also used a third person point of view very often as to help portray the horror in the stories and create more mystery which are common elements in Gothic Literature. Edgar Allan Poe uses his poor personal background, the motif of suspense, and the first person point of view to prove he is a Gothic literature writer through his short stories, â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†, and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. Edgar Allan Poe had a very hard childhood growing up and it even extended into his adult life with his mother, stepmother, and wife all dying from Tuberculosis. Poe’s father also died when he was a child. Poe uses the fact that he had a poor childhood to create characters in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† with characteristics that show that Poe is a Gothic literature writer. As Sara Constantakis says, â€Å"Like his natural father, Poe was an alcoholic.† (Constantakis). The state of mind he was always in helped him to create the dark and mysterious characters that appeared in his stories. The characters in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is in a crazy state of mind and shows elements ofShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s `` The Raven, And The Pit And The Pendulum 1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of characters in Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories like â€Å"The Raven,† and the Pit and the Pendulum,† show psychological elements, and make the stories more mind boggling and delusional. Authors choose a certain technique on how they write their stories based on how they want the audience to feel and think when they read it, and also based off of their personal backgrounds. Edgar Allan Poe’s stories are described as â€Å"disturbing† with disturbed characters. His stories are meant to bring chillsRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1559 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe, a famous romanticism writer, created a gothic tone in his stories by describing the setting of his stories with vocabulary that helped create the dark plots of stories such as â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Pit and The Pendulum†. Poe’s own foster father, John Allan, stated that â€Å"His (Poe’s) talents are of an order that can never prove comfort to their possessor†. How did Poe create such gothic tones in his stories with only describin g the foul settings and wickedRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe: Writing Style1259 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poe: Writing Style The short story writer which I have chosen to research is Edgar Allen Poe. After reading one of his works in class, I realized that his mysterious style of writing greatly appealed to me. Although many critics have different views on Poe s writing style, I think that Harold Bloom summed it up best when he said, Poe has an uncanny talent for exposing our common nightmares and hysteria lurking beneath our carefully structured lives. ( 7) For me, this is doneRead More Juxtaposing the Most Similar Contradiction in Edgar Allan Poes Work2077 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout all of Edgar Allan Poes works are common ideas that oppose each such as madness versus sanity, reality versus the imagined reality and life versus death. Usually these sentiments are taken as contrasting ideas with little similarities to each other, like black and white. However, many of these motifs are situated in the grey category. Poe uses the communal thought pathway to highlight its antithesis; the pathway of grey. With the new pathway, he emphasizes the similarities of the opposingRead MoreThe Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay550 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poes style of writing is typical of the styles of writing during the Age of Romanticism. His poems and short stories were heavily influenced by his life experiences from a young boy to a well renowned writer. He lived his life in poverty, moving from one job to the other and from city to city, y et he is still one of the most widely read American authors today. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. Poes home life was very unstable. His father, DavidRead MoreA Short Stories By Edgar Allan Poe947 Words   |  4 Pagesthat go unnoticed the first time reading. Often times this depends on the author, numerous authors never go far off the beaten path compared to their other works. One of the best examples, Edgar Allan Poe is a fantastic writer whom started writing as early as the 1820’s he later passed away in 1849. Amazingly Poe is still genuinely well known, even in today’s standards for being an excellent writer. Several if not all his stories are dark and kind of morbid, they often retain the reader wanting moreRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s Life1497 Words   |  6 Pageswith an Author Framework Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, on January 19th, 1809 and was best known as a writer of dark poetry and short stories. Poe had an interesting and somewhat tragic upbringing , he was orphaned as a young child and then raised by an affluent couple called John and Frances Allan from Richmond, Virginia. Poe spent 5 years in England as a young child and studied different languages , however his universityRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe : The Father Of Gothic Literature1393 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 3, 2017 Edgar Allan Poe Studies say that Edgar Allan Poe was the father of gothic literature. As an American writer and critic, he went through the struggles of living in poverty, having a drinking and gambling problem, and being judge based on his decisions. He was best known as an author of gothic fiction. He had a life of misfortune and indigence. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19,1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to two striving actors, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Poe. Some studiesRead MoreLiterary Critics Of Edgar Allan Poe1693 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is credited to be one of the best writers, editors, and literary critics of all time. His poetry and short stories are what majority of people recognize him for. His long and intriguing stories about mystery and the macabre are just some examples of his classic writings. At first, Edgar Allan Poe was referred to as the inventor of the modern detective story and a specialist in the science fiction genre. It was not until later in his life that people began to acknowledge him as oneRead MoreThe Mysterious Life of Edgar Allan Poe1660 Words   |  7 Pagesof reading. There are novels, nonfiction works and tons of different genres. But, some people like a story that is short and to the point; Edgar Allan Poe is an author who can provide that. Although he had a rough life, Poe worked very hard to become the skillful author that is known today. Some people like horror stories and others like romances. Edgar Allan Poe is a widely accepted poet and author. He is known for his sullen horror stories and all of the tragedies in his life. Two of his most known

A Liberal Education Matters By Michael S. Roth - 1067 Words

A Liberal Education Matters Liberal education- its relevancy and practicality- is a relevant topic; it is especially relevant in a day and age where college is not a leisure but a necessity. In his book Beyond the University: Why Liberal Education Matters (Yale University Press), Michael S. Roth argues, his pointedly biased opinion, on the importance of a liberal arts education. To Roth, a liberal education is an education that immerses the student in vast knowledge of a variety of humanity subjects. As the president of Wesleyan University, Roth full heartedly believes in a liberal education, and supports his argument by referring to famous thinkers since the establishment of the United States; however, Roth includes drawbacks to†¦show more content†¦Some thinkers, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, argued that some students would not be able to get an in depth liberal education and some pupils should strictly attend vocational schools; colleges and universities do not make the cho ice between liberal education training and â€Å"either or† choice. Rather, by offering a liberal education pathway, colleges are training students to be more appealing in tension-packed work field. In fact, a sizeable portion of the book discusses the pros and cons of a liberal education versus a vocational school. In the 1800s, it was not necessary to have a college education to get a good job; in fact, college graduates were few. By arguing the importance of a liberal arts education through colleges and universities, Roth is presenting a compromise to the â€Å"liberal education or vocational school† saga; by attending an university that offers a liberal arts education, pupils are getting the best part of the worlds W.E.B. Du Bois and Frederick Douglass countered. In fact, according to Carol T. Christ, president of Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, â€Å"graduates of liberal arts colleges earn doctorates in the sciences at nearly twice the rate of g raduates of other institutions† (29). While the exact reasoning for this is not obvious, perhaps Roth was correct when he stated that a liberal education works and expands the mind. When BenShow MoreRelatedCollege is the Gateway to Success881 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral articles or sources. I analyzed the following three articles in search of a common strand, â€Å"College is a Waste of Time† by Dale Stephens, â€Å"Importance of a college education† by Jeff McGuire, and lastly â€Å"Why Liberal Arts Matters† by Micheal S. Roth. After carefully analyzing all three of the articles, I chose â€Å"higher education is the gateway to success as my strand. This is a reoccurring point across all three articles; while not all the opinions are alike, they still correlate. In order to succeedRead MoreThe Social Value of College Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesthat believes that people can learn social values outside of college is Dale Stephens. When it comes to people, who believe that college gives students a controlled environment to learn and practices social values are Michael S. Roth and Zac Bissonnette. In my opinion Stephens, Roth, and Bissonnette all have important points on the social value of college. Stephens’s belief that the social values a college graduate learns in college can be learned outside in the work force has many setbacks. OneRead MoreIs An American College Education Still? Worth It?1465 Words   |  6 PagesIs An American College Education Still ‘Worth It’? One of the realities of the past several decades is that society has come to place an increasing level of emphasis upon the importance of education. Whereas it has been understood for decades that education is an integral component of the overall level of success that a person might hope to experience during their lifetime, the necessity of each and every individual striving for a college degree has been a more and more defining aspects of the driveRead MoreThe Primary Goal of a Firm Has Been Held Out to Be Shareholder Wealth Maximization Which Translates to Maximizing Stock Prices. in Light of This Statement, Do You Think Firms Have Any Responsibility to Society?2898 Words   |  12 Pagesthat harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honouring of a triple bottom line: People, Planet, Profit. Free market theory founded on liberal business ethos, presumably from Adam Smith: In the free marketplace, the essential (and ethical) aim for business leaders is to relentlessly pursue capital for their shareholders. The sole responsibility of business becomes simple: to facilitateRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pagesmeans just those in the West, think of themselves as ‘free’ from enslavement by others, and even free from the organization of the state, who can argue that they are also free from the pervasive effects of language, culture and science? These are matters into which we find ourselves ‘thrown’, long before we wake up to their organizing effects. If, indeed, we ever do wake up. For if the intricate relations between language and thought came to be examined late in the 19th century, questions about theRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 Pageswith regenerating selfhood these provided fertile ground for the growth of national advertising and for the spread of a new way of life. 3 6In the emerging consumer culture, advertisers began speaking to many of the same preoccupations addressed by liberal ministers, psychologists, and other therapeutic ideologues. A dialectic developed between Americans new emotional needs and advertisers, strategies; each continually reshaped and intensified the other. Sometimes deliberately, sometimes unwittinglyRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pages90 The Leadership Team: Complementary Strengths or Conï ¬â€šicting Agendas? Stephen A. Miles and Michael D. Watkins 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines Ben W. Heineman, Jr. 20 33 FORETHOUGHT HBR CASE STUDY Why Didn t We Know? Ralph Hasson 45 FIRST PERSON Preparing for the Perfect Product Launch THOU SHALT †¦page 58 James P. Hackett 111 TOOL KIT The Process Audit Michael Hammer 124 BEST PRACTICE Human Due Diligence David Harding and Ted Rouse 138 144 EXECUTIVERead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLuscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesBearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sà £o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesJanuary 2006.  © UNWTO, 2007, #92844/28/2007. ECS8C_C03.qxd 22/10/2007 11:53 Page 621 TUI: ACHIEVING AND MAINTAINING LEADERSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN TOURISM INDUSTRY 621 History of TUI In the mid-1990s, in a tough economic environment, Michael Frenzel and his team at Preussag made the decision to exit the smelting and mining industry, which was too cyclical, whose proï ¬ tability was decreasing year on year, and which had no clear future with the closing of the last German coal mines and the

Common Law and Equity Free Essays

The Development of Common Law and Equity Common Law has been functioning in England since the 1250’s, two centuries after William the Conqueror defeated Earl Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became King. It was then in 1066 that Law began to be standardised. There were, however, problems with the Common Law system and people were becoming dissatisfied with the remedies distributed by the Court. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Law and Equity or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the Court of Chancery was established and could provide whatever remedy best suited the case. This type of justice became known as equity. When William the Conqueror gained the English throne in 1066, he constituted the Curia Regis, an instrument he used to govern the country and a court for deciding disputes. Representatives from the Regis were sent out to the different localities of the country to check local administration and were ordered to make judgement of the effectiveness of the custom laws functioning in their designated locality and report back to the King in Westminster. When the representatives were summoned back, they were able to discuss the various customs of each locality and were able to form, through rejecting unreasonable laws and accepting those that appeared to be rational, a consistent body of rules. During the process of sifting, the principle of ‘stare decisis’ was created, which translates to ‘let the decision stand’. Whenever a new problem of law was to be decided, the decision formed a rule and it was mandatory that the rule was followed in all similar cases. By 1250, a common law had been established, that ruled the whole country. However problems soon arose regarding the remedies distributed by the Common Law Court and people soon became dissatisfied with the system. One of the first complaints was concerned with the writ system. In the common law courts, civil actions had to be started by a writ. Early on, new writs were created to suit new circumstances, however this stopped in the thirteenth century. Litigants had to fit their circumstances to one of the available types of writ. If the case did not fall into the existing writ, the case could not be taken to court. Many people found their cases to be rejected for the reason that there was no writ to satisfy their case and so they were not given justice. A second complaint was related to the remedy of damages. What the court did not realise was that money was not always an adequate solution to every problem. A final problem that arose with the system was that it was inflexible. The principle of ‘stare decisis’ meant that when a decision was given in a case of a certain kind, the same legal principle had to be followed in subsequent cases, no matter what the situation of the claimant. As a result, people started to petition the king who was thought of as the ‘fountain of justice’. After a while, the king passed on these petitions to the Chancellor who was usually a member of the clergy and was thought of as ‘the keeper of the king’s conscience’. Before long, litigants began to petition the Chancellor himself and by 1474 the Chancellor had begun to make decisions on the cases on his own authority rather than as a substitute for the king. This was the beginning of the court of Chancery. In the court of Chancery, litigants appeared before the Chancellor and he would deliver a verdict on the presented case based on his own moral view of the situation. Unlike the Common Law court, the court of Chancery could provide whatever remedy best suited the case and this type of justice became known as equity. Before equitable rules could be applied, equity devised maxims, developed to certify that the verdicts made were morally fair, which had to be contemplated prior to a final court decision. One of these maxims, â€Å"He who comes to equity must come with clean hands†, states that claimants who have in some way been in the wrong in the past will not be granted an equitable remedy. An example illustrating this maxim would be the D+C Builders v Rees (1966) case, were the Rees was denied an equitable estoppel as they had taken unfair advantage of the builder’s financial difficulties and therefore had not â€Å"come with clean hands†. A second maxim, â€Å"He who seeks equity, must do equity†, articulates that anyone who seeks equitable relief must be prepared to act fairly towards their opponent. In the Chappel v Times Newspapers ltd (1975) case, newspaper employees applied for an injunction to prevent their employers from carrying out the threat of sacking them unless they stopped their strike action. The court said that in order for them to be awarded the remedy, the strikers should withdraw their strike action if the injunction was granted. The employees refused and so the injunction was not granted. Another maxim is â€Å"Delay defeats equity†. This maxim states that where a claimant takes an unreasonably long time to bring an action, equitable remedies will not be available. This is exemplified in the Leaf v International Galleries (1950) case where the claimant, Leaf, had bought a painting for a considerable amount of money however he found, five years later, that it was not the genuine constable he thought it was. When he claimed the equitable remedy of rescission, it was refused as the delay had been too long. In response to the complaints regarding the remedies offered by the common law courts, equity increased the number of remedies available to the wronged party. Instead of just being given then remedy of damages, claimants could now be granted an injunction, which is an order given to defendants to do or not do something, specific performance, which compels a part to fulfil a previous agreement, a rescission, which restores parties of a contract to the position they were in before the contract was signed and rectification, which is an order that alters the words of a document which does not express the true intentions of the parties to it. These remedies offered by the court of chancery are discretionary. A claimant who wins a common law court case is given the remedy of damages as of right, however the courts may choose whether or not to award an equitable remedy. Equitable remedies are therefore not given as of right. Due to the improvements made by equity regarding remedies, the court of chancery became very popular and caused some resentment amongst the common law courts. The lawyers of the common law courts argued that the quality of the decisions made in the court of chancery varied with the length of the chancellor’s foot, meaning that the outcome of each case depended on the qualities of the individual chancellor. The tension between the two courts grew to an all-time high in the Earl of Oxford’s case (1615), where a judgment of Chief Justice Coke was allegedly obtained by fraud. The Lord Chancellor issued a common injunction of the Chancery prohibiting the enforcement of the common law order. The two courts became locked in a stalemate, and the matter was eventually referred to the Attorney General. The Attorney General upheld the use of the common injunction and concluded that in the event of any conflict between the common law and equity, equity would prevail. Equity’s primacy in England was later enshrined in the Judicature Acts (1873-75), which provided that equity and common law could both be operated in the same court and there would no longer be different procedures for requesting remedies from equity and the common law. To conclude, it was William the Conqueror who came up with the initial idea of establishing a common law and after two centuries of sifting through the custom laws of the numerous localities of the country, a common law had been established that ruled the whole of the country. However problems in the common law system soon arose regarding the writ system, the inflexibility of the system, and the remedy of damages. The court of chancery was established and it is here that equity functioned. Equity brought in new equitable remedies such as injunctions, specific performance, rescissions, and rectifications however before these remedies could be granted, the case being presented had to conform to the equitable maxims which were developed to certify that the verdicts made were morally fair. The court of chancery became very popular and caused some resentment amongst the common law courts, whose lawyers argued that the quality of the decisions made in the court of chancery varied with the length of the Chancellors foot. As a result of the Earl of Oxford case, whenever there is conflict between the common law courts and equity, equity will prevail, which allows for the further development of equity today. The Judicature Acts of the 1870’s provided that equity and common law could both be operated in the same court and there would no longer be different procedures for requesting remedies from equity and the common law. In short terms, if it was not for common law and the faults found in its system, equity would cease to exist. How to cite Common Law and Equity, Essay examples

A Report on Educational Leadership and Administration

Question: Describe about a Report on Educational Leadership and Administration? Answer: Introduction: This report aims at giving an insight into the concepts of educational leadership and administration. It provides us with some key differences amidst educational manage and that of management of other forms of organizations. It also focuses upon some of the factors that affect educational leadership or management along with key identities with respect to focus on community, type of leadership, learning processes, cultural influence, and that of social justice. It highlights upon the possible challenges of the educational management or leadership. The report discusses about the various factors responsible for effective management and administration. Managing and administration of education is quite different than that of other organizations. The corporate values which are assigned by academic institutions are being compelled to take up on a frequent basis by the external means such as trustees often result in improper fit within the institutional environment. Various types of leadership practices exist, such as strategic, operational, and distributive. An effective leader is expected to develop a vision and also inspire others including students. The leaders are also required to create favorable climate to bring about positive changes. Concept and Significance: Educational leadership plays a crucial role within the transformation of society, and to bring about change effective leaders are key identities. Apart from the belief that leadership qualities make considerable difference to educational institutions and that of student outcomes, there is recognition as per which effective educational leaders as well as managers need to be developed for providing best educational facilities to their learners. Innovative leadership positions have particular scopes of accountability. They may aim at fulfilling temporary or permanent need. Although the management and administration concepts are similar for all organizations and administration, yet some differences exist amidst educational management and that of other organizations. Management and Administration of Education: Managing and administration of education is quite different than that of other organizations. The corporate values which are assigned by academic institutions are being compelled to take up on a frequent basis by the external means such as trustees often result in improper fit within the institutional environment. Traditional systems strongly favor individuality, creativity, and also heterodoxy. They value freedom of action highly. Independence is valued more than accountability. Introducing institutional norms which emphasize hierarchy, discipline, and team loyalty is quite difficult not because these are not worthwhile values, but because these are not considered to be significant for teaching. Differences between educational management and other management: The major differences between educational management and that of other managements are as follows Resource allocation suggests the availability of educational professionals and also sufficient time for meeting the standards of students. Scheduling enables educational professionals to have adequate time for providing instructions as well as interventions required by the students. On the other hand in any other organizational management, resource allocation refers to optimum utility of various resources like human resource, funding, materials, etc. Being the key leader, educational principals are required to share their leadership with educational professionals for promoting reflection as well as collaborative investigation for improvement of learning processes. But in other organizational management, CEO or the key employer acts as the leader. Managing and administration of education is quite different than that of other organizations. The corporate values which are assigned by academic institutions are being compelled to take up on a frequent basis by the external means such as trustees often result in improper fit within the institutional environment. Factors of Educational Leadership or Management: As per Boscardin effective leadership starts with increased knowledge of the instructional environment, such as needs of individual students, strengths as well as weaknesses of staffs, student information and schedules, and matters of instructional programs. Researchers who aim at exploring the qualities of effective educational leadership often start with the knowledge of leaders regarding the students. By creating a data-driven acknowledgement of students, institutional management and higher authorities can inform their decisions relating to resource allocation, professional development, scheduling, and funding and procurement. Professional development means the significant enhancement in the capabilities of educational professionals so as to minimize skills gap of the students. Funding and procurement refers the way characteristics of the population of the student affect the availability of funding sources and also the manner of allocation of budget. All leaders who are increasingly effective have potential knowledge of instructional and educational tools that are available for addressing the needs of the students. This is applicable in several cases such as team-oriented approach for researching as well as vetting research-proved processes which address particular needs. On account of increased availability of educational programs of management, often institutional leaders rely upon their team members for continuous research as well as sharing of information regarding innovative methodologies. Once an effective program has been chosen, it is obvious that institutional leaders develop a deeper understanding of programs for ensuring fidelity of implementation, driving behavior through proper levels as well as ensuring educational professional avail themselves thoroughly of the training regarding professional development. Leadership: The first and the foremost requirement for positive changes within educational practices is leadership. Various types of leadership practices exist, such as strategic, operational, and distributive. An effective leader is expected to develop a vision and also inspire others including students. The leaders are also required to create favorable climate to bring about positive changes. It is also important to share leadership responsibilities across the institution. Type of Leadership: Strategic leadership The leaders at educational institution are required to inspire teachers for change of practices. The leadership practices must set out realistic vision whereby they would understand the need for innovation and related contribution. All educational leaders have to take ownership of issues, provide support as well as guidance when needed. Operational leadership Apart from vision, it is necessary to realize the practical change by determining the required activities. This would involve the need for right culture for learning, encouraging and sustaining innovation. A favorable climate means whereby leaders manage as well as organize perfect opportunities. Distributive leadership The higher authority as educational institution will be responsible for productive changes but would not be the sole drivers. They would be facilitating various changes. Necessary Changes in the Educational Leadership/Management: One of the most important emphases within educational field during the early twenty-first has been the rising demand for increased accountability for increasing the performances of the students. National as well as state expectations demand all educational institutions to facilitate achievements of curriculum objectives of best practices. So, increased efforts within educational management have paved the way for educational leadership by higher authorities. For meeting key challenges related various expectations of improvements, especially in term of progress of students, effective strategies are required in learning field. Accomplishment important improvement efforts demand for collection as well as assessment of relevant data for determining needs and also monitoring performances for further changes. Some of the changes that are desired within educational leadership and administration are: Developing and sustaining a vision A proper and definite vision is very much important for successful accomplishment of undertakings. Creation of distinct goals enables the leaders to guide the team members in a planned manner. A proper vision states the desired objectives to the leaders and their team members, and also ensures that educational programs are accomplished in a timely and effective manner. Clear goals also avoid unnecessary complications or wastage of time on useless undertakings. Organizational vision enables all stakeholders to follow certain objectives and standards and abide by it thoroughly to achieve better outcomes. Sharing of Leadership Distribution of leadership across educational institution and giving leadership succession are indispensable towards success of educational institutions. Leaders are greatly responsible in influencing others to have a better understanding of what needs to be incorporated and in what manner. The entire process demand for facilitation of individual as well as shared efforts for accomplishing common goals. Tapping expertise of leaders The educational management is required to utilize the best available resources within the educational institution. Various stakeholders are associated with varied qualities and skills. Being the key leader, educational principals are required to share their leadership with educational professionals for promoting reflection as well as collaborative investigation for improvement of learning processes. Principals who effectively tap into the expertise of professionals throughout all processes achieve greater focus of all stakeholders to transform educational improvements. Collaboration Collaboration refers to the cohesive association of all stakeholders of the organization such as educational professionals, students, guardians, principals, and staffs. The principal is the key entity to bring about successful collaboration amidst educational stakeholders. Learning Community The educational professionals and most importantly the principal authority needs to be the role model for learning and seeking for continuous growth and improvements. Since the functions of educational parameters are fixed, the educational leaders need to manage the processes as well as structures of the institutions. Effective use of data for decision-making Several elements of educational improvements often stress the significance of data-driven making of decisions. In the present scenario, educational institutions must gather data related to demography, instruction, demographic, and perceptual information for improving the processes of learning. For instance, data is collected for diagnosing learning of students and prescribing interventions which would support learning of students in need. Initially it is important that principals employ information-collection processes for determining staff as well as student needs. Monitoring instructions It is important that higher authority of institutions support activities as well as programs by means of modeling-related behaviors, engaging in staff development, and also prioritizing processes. Also, educational professionals are required to focus on the achievements of students. They need to develop instruction as well as promote reflection regarding instruction and its impact upon individual achievement. Influence of Culture: In the given article of Gender and Education by Vincenza Priola it has been depicted that gender dimension of institutions is seen as fundamental to determine all activities and processes. It lays stress on the fact that gendered positions of some organizations influence the creation as well as negotiation processes at the workplace. In fact, women managers within organizations face troubles attributed by the demand for shaping the positions of women in traditional roles pre-occupied by men. Commonly, women have always been fighting against a masculine culture even in the managerial and administrating processes of educational institutions. According to the article, the number of females within the managerial roles may rise but not necessarily cause changes in practices. Work practices are often influenced by the dominant culture. It has been rightly stated in the article that academic profession has exhibited resistance towards cultural changes as well as position of women within edu cational institutions. As per Miller the most common feature of management at educational institutions is not only dominance of men but also their organizational styles. The concept of gender dimension within organizational life leads to assessment of fit that relies on male profile and not female profile, along with negative outcomes for perceptions of suitability of women for positions of managers. As per Whitehead () shifting of culture of educational learning to a more entrepreneurial as well as managerialist culture can lessen the equality of scopes and strengthen the gendered culture, thereby favoring men who adopt more aggressive approaches towards management. This may lead to even more tensions for women who aim at becoming managers even in masculine culture of organizations. Strategic view of educational institution: Once confronted with increased differentiation as well as faster change in environment, educational institutions should act more deliberately as well as purposefully. Strategic action needs an increased level of central steerage as well as unity at organizations to overcome the weak central governance as well as collegial form of decision-making. For implementing strategic objectives, post-bureaucratic management applies key tools: effective allocation of resources depending upon internal rivalry, and also contracts as well as performance reviews. This often replaces the age-old process of bargaining amidst departments as well as central administration whereby departments used double strategy of vows. On the departmental level, data necessary for making informed decisions often prevails within scattered paper files as well as tacit knowledge of long-serving administrators. To address various problems, certain authorities are assigned for important purposes. So the most significant part of strategic behavior within the academy is the entire process of planning as well as reflection. As depicted in the article by Meyer proponents of innovative managerialism within educational field argue that the techniques of managers are essential for responding to the demands of an effective environment along with enhanced level of uncertain ty. Meyer has argued that continuous changes within educational management are effectively understood as examples of key organizational learning with respect to the limitations of bureaucratic institution within turbulent environments. On account of increased availability of educational programs of management, often institutional leaders rely upon their team members for continuous research as well as sharing of information regarding innovative methodologies. Once an effective program has been chosen, it is obvious that institutional leaders develop a deeper understanding of programs for ensuring fidelity of implementation, driving behavior through proper levels as well as ensuring educational professional avail themselves thoroughly of the training regarding professional development. Educational Management and forms of decision-making: While the modern managerialism distinctly needs increased capacity of central steering, potential strengthening of institution at higher level should be balanced by increased discretion as well as entrepreneurialism at operational level. In a way, strength at the top level should be matched with new spirit of management at department level. Here, this concept raises issues regarding viability of age-old collegial institution techniques of governance. Once confronted with increased differentiation as well as faster change in environment, educational institutions should act more deliberately as well as purposefully. Strategic action needs an increased level of central steerage as well as unity at organizations to overcome the weak central governance as well as collegial form of decision-making. From the point of learning-oriented institution, process of collegial decision-making shows many characteristics shortcomings: Collegial management refers to management by committee. The committees act more like law courts which does not become active unless outside events compel. These generally adjudicate issues. The operational unit under the respective administration is the single faculty members. The decision mode of collegial management aims at identifying smallest common denominator amidst individuals, and not responding towards situational challenges. Professional Knowledge Understanding: This factor points out the complex knowledge as well as understanding of educational thoughts as well as developments within society, learning and education that demands for successful leaders. With respect to teaching and learning, leaders often indulge critically in knowledge as well as understanding of research including that of developments in arena of learning for ensuring applying of different development techniques to enhance learners outcomes. With respect to education policy, leaders utilize their acquired knowledge within educational policy for supporting academic developments. Leaders are always on the process of applying their effective knowledge for enabling contemporary societal developments, environment, digital technologies, and global community as a whole. Leaders always seek for enhancing their knowledge and practice contingent leadership styles that suit various situations. Leaders are responsible for developing self-awareness by reflecting upon their own practices and processes. They aim at building and maintaining own credibility by means of modeling commitment towards professional learning, and also integrating ethical practices within culture with trust as well as respect. Leaders at educational management act as role models for other entities for encouraging sustainable developments of effective leadership qualities. Leaders motivate positive relationships with various stakeholders such as students, staffs, partners, parents, etc. Leaders possess increased understanding of various dynamics of political power as well as influence of link between students and society. They take up the responsibility of reflecting true commitment towards management and administration of educational organizations. They are greatly responsible in communicating effectively with various individuals and most importantly the students so that they feel motivated to abide by the organizational rules. Critical Reflection: A significant part of the innovative leadership department is the development of teamwork. Instead of bringing decisions to ultimate central authority, leaders of managerial department need to ask different work groups for exploring issues, developing scenarios, building cases, and thereby leading to effective actions. The leaders at departments need increased support from staff. For researching issues, managing as well as analyzing data, maintaining public relations, and hosting various activities, the central department would need frequent support from staffs. A favorable potential environment would ensure steady availability of effective leadership qualities. With respect to education policy, leaders utilize their acquired knowledge within educational policy for supporting academic developments. Leaders are always on the process of applying their effective knowledge for enabling contemporary societal developments, environment, digital technologies, and global community as a whole. Leaders always seek for enhancing their knowledge and practice contingent leadership styles that suit various situations. The factors that have been identified in the management and administration of educational are also to be considered in cases of organizational management. Educational management and leadership encompass certain factors that may even be applied to other organizational management. Educational leadership is essential for effective functioning of educational institutions since a definite practice is to be conducted for ensuring thorough effective functioning of organizations. Various stakeholders are associated with varied qualities and skills. Being the key leader, organizational managers are required to share their leadership with other professionals for promoting reflection as well as collaborative investigation for improvement of organizational deliverances. Conclusion: To conclude from the report, it may be confirmed that various factors are existent in the educational administration and management. The leaders are also required to create favorable climate to bring about positive changes. It is also important to share leadership responsibilities across the institution. By creating a data-driven acknowledgement of students, institutional management and higher authorities can inform their decisions relating to resource allocation, professional development, scheduling, and funding and procurement. Resource allocation suggests the availability of educational professionals and also sufficient time for meeting the standards of students. 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